Abstract
The coastal is one among the densest area of the cities. Along with rapid development, there are environmental and social pressures. Environmental risk has been an unavoidable part for a long time, and the reduction effort still happened until now. The climate change impact has also contributed greatly to the losses and damages that occur in the coastal area. It is also forecasted that, if global warming continues at its current rate, some areas in Jakarta will be inundated by 2050 (Firman 2010; Measey 2010). Furthermore, many other areas in North and Central Jakarta are likely to be submerged in the future, which will cause major suffering for residents as a result of the physical and socio-economic impacts (Firman 2010).Meanwhile, social cohesion as a result of development and degradation of environmental conditions is also growing day by day. Various types of interests has direct the coastal development to many things depending on stakeholder’s interests. Coastal management of Jakarta Bay has a multi-level basis, with different levels of intervention. Engagement between the government, private sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international NGOs, and community-based organizations seeks to fill the gap in coastal management. However, the complexity of its roles and functions has resulted in difficulties in coordination and implementation of programs in Jakarta's Bay. One of the impacts of the absence of a comprehensive understanding of coastal management in Jakarta's Bay is the resistance from any stakeholder and inefficiency of the development program. To see through this context, planning policy and governance of implementation are two of many ways to identify the direction of development along with the stakeholder’s interest in urban coastal management. Modified from the United Cities and Local Government analysis in several cities in European and American cities that the dynamic relationships between the government, civil society and the market are bringing about far-reaching changes in traditional ways of governing including implementation the public policies of coastal planning and management. It’s not only through coastal society to social service delivery but also through the formation of associative networks, i.e. public-private partnerships which shape policy decisions. Associative networks are contributing to the emergence of a new style of governing based on participation, co-operation and shared responsibility. This research has a comprehensive understanding of governance on Jakarta's bay. Having a mixed method methodology through content analysis and actor mapping tools, this paper describes a network of interactions between state and non-state actors regulating the planning process until implementation in the coastal development of Jakarta. By doing this methodology, we divided into six steps that modified from a concept of actor’s interaction to find the linkage among the actors such as 1. Categorize the topics include frame it in an appropriate questions, 2. Identify the actors and grouping with the categorization, 4. List the roles of the actor’s internal and external way, 3. Connecting through links between actors, 5. Define influence, motivations among actors, 6. Harvest observations and possible actions of actors. Not only the actors, we also defines the policy from national, province, local until collective agreement that run in practical daily life. Based on the findings, the interrelationships of each actor are complicated so that several policies and plans appear that are not well coordinated. Meanwhile, coastal communities with limited access try to be independent in facing existing problems.
