3.2 Planning and design for collective space and transport for children and communities

The government of DKI Jakarta province is attempting to build public space to change the city face by means of constructing Children Friendly Public Space (thereafter called RPTRA) as the attempt of supporting Jakarta to be Child-Friendly City. In realizing a Child-Friendly City in DKI Jakarta it is supported by several governor regulations governing RPTRA standardization, RPTRA Management Guidelines, and the DKI Jakarta government also makes Jakarta grand design towards a Child-Friendly City. According to the Governor Regulation Number 196 of 2015, Child Friendly Integrated Public Space is an open place or space that combines community activities and activities by implementing 10 (ten) family empowerment and welfare programs to integrate with child-friendly city program. This RPTRA is part of a child-worthy infrastructure to achieve the fulfillment of one of the 24 child-worthy city indicators set by the Republic of Indonesia Minister of Women Empowerment and Child Protection Regulation Number 12 of 2011 concerning District/City eligible for children Indicators. The government of DKI Jakarta province built 6 (six) RPTRA in Kemayoran, Central Jakarta with each RPTRA having different characteristics. RPTRA Harapan Mulya has the highest score of 1.67 and RPTRA Mutiara Sumur Batu, which is 1.64. The purpose of this research was to assess the suitability and characteristics of RPTRA in Kemayoran District. This research method used GAP analysis, observation, and questionnaire. The results of this research showed that the RPTRA in Kemayoran Subdistrict is still not optimal because only 2 RPTRA have good values, while the other (4 RPTRA) still have constraints in developing RPTRA as fulfilling children's infrastructure.

Abstract With the rapid urbanization of China and the establishment of the new family structure of “four-two-one” (four grandparents-two parents-one child), taking care of children by their grandparents has become one of the most important forms in the current Chinese urban families. Currently, 41.43% of the old in the city of China raise and take care of their grandchildren, and the proportion shows an increasing trend annually. At meantime, the statistic shows that the main groups exercising in the public area during the working days are the children and their inter-generational parents (as ‘the Group’ in the following). Due to the preschooler’s special feature of needing accompany in their amusements, the preschoolers and their inter-generational parents have been the second major users of outdoor public space (OPS) in the cities of China following the older groups. As the main place where the daily life and leisure activities of the Group happen, the environment quality of the urban public and OPS has direct impact on the physical and mental health of the Group. To design and build a appropriate OPS, it is necessary to make a deep understanding on the psychology and behavior demand of the children and their inter-generational parents. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Methods This study is carried out by taking the questionnaire as the main method and combining the field research with interview. The questionnaire consists of two parts, network questionnaire and onsite questionnaire. 515 copies of effective questionnaire are received. This study designs a survey questionnaire base on socio-ecological models for the Group by taking three factors into consideration, which are individuals, families and society, material environment and ecological environment. Based on the survey result, information of the Group, such as overall distribution, health status, activity characteristics, space use restrictions, and preference of the OPS was collected. Results The result of this specific study shows that: (i) The Group is mainly distributed in four spaces, park green lands, squares, community activity place and spontaneous activity space. The function of different OPS has many differences with each other. (ii) The proportion of the grandparents who take care of their grandchildren is pretty high in the old who live in the local city and have a good economic condition. At the same time, the result of emotion self-assessment of the grandparents who are engaged in taking care of children properly is more satisfying. (iii) In terms of the use condition of OPS, the activity type of the Group is much concentrated. The activity frequency of the group is related to the walking distance and the duration of activity is related to the fatigue state of grandparents. (iv) The security of space is the main factor restraining the development of activities. The lack of social communication is the main factor causing the low participation of activities. And the bad condition of microclimate environment will also decline outside activity participation degree greatly. Value This paper makes a deep investigation and research on the urban OPS, mainly focusing on the connection between OPS, space comfort, facilities arrangement, the social attribute of the Group and healthy activities. Research limitations The activity feature of the Group in the urban OPS can be influenced by other factors, such as the urban integral economy level, traffic condition, population and social economy science. More detailed problems still require further study.

At present, more than 50% of children live in big cities.But with the increasing number of motor vehicles and shrinking public spaces , children have less and less opportunities for outdoor activities, resulting in obesity and sub-health problems. Therefore, it is very important to build children-friendly public spaces in metropolis. This study takes the Shanghai,china as an example.Firstly,through questionnaires,it is found that ensuring the safe movement of children and inspiring their spontaneous activities are key points to build children-friendly public spaces.Meanwhile, The public spaces near the home are the most used environment by children. Therefore, open spaces in metropolis areas need to be planned carefully for children near their homes.Then it is way much better to make sure children's places of daily life, such as homes, schools, green spaces, sports venues and so on, can be connected in a safe path. Secondly, for building the safe path for children ,the safety of each spot along the path is analyzed by SP method, which is a mathematical algorithm , in order to find the risk factors and to avoid them in the future. Then we establish the action plan of "line space + point space" to build the children-friendly urban public space system. Line space refers to meeting the basic safety space needs of children through the improvement of the routes to school, including reducing the impact of motor vehicles, safe road facilities, and enhancing road lighting system. "Point space" refers to the promotion of children's outdoor activities through the arrangement of multi-level outdoor children's playgrounds and green spaces, including safe green parks, security platforms and so on. Finally, it is hoped that the "Safety Line Space + Interesting Point Space" plan will establish a safe and inspiring path for children to travel,linking home, school, green space and sports venues,which they use mostly in their daily life. Then we can ensure the safe movement of children and inspire children's spontaneous games in big cities for a children-friendly goal.

Australia is one of the most urbanised countries in the world. At the same time, it is one of the highest per capita emitters of global greenhouse gas emissions. Despite of its material wealth, evidence in relation to the state of children health indicate that growing up in cities is of deep concern to ensure long term prosperity on societal level. The present generation are the least fit and the fattest they have ever been. Spatial fragmentation, social marginalisation, mental health issues and serious cardio-metabolic disorders have been on the rise in adolescence and early adulthood. As it stands, future generations will be off for worse. The problem that Australia finds itself in is created in part by our own actions. Currently we are still operating either in institutional regulatory silos, within technological harsh market competition, ecological unsustainable development patterns, and under enormous fiscal constraints within academia and organisations operating in the civil/societal fields. In absence of a national urban policy and political resistance on cohesive climate change policy, the argument for change within an individualistic society require a reframing. For example, a design-dividend provides benefits to positive financial uplift for development interests resulting from human-centred urban design to ensure liveable and healthy urban future for all. Good design generates a range of public benefits. Capitalisation of a design-dividend starts by addressing the needs of children and young people in the design process. The contribution will introduce some of Urban Synergies Group global key initiatives and collaborative thought leadership with the University of Canberra, Health Research Institute in the nexus of improving health outcomes for children and young people in urban systems. Critical reflection on the applied systems approach in relation to safe independent childhood mobility (walking and cycling), encounters with nature in public spaces and designing connected play spaces for all will open up space for an engaging discourse on the need for a paradigm shift in the way we continue to shape healthy communities. About Urban Synergies Group Urban Synergies Group to date have been working in the global arena, particularly in contributing to the New Urban Agenda and advocacy of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 3- Good Health and Wellbeing, 11- Sustainable cities and Communities, SDG- 13 Climate action and SDG 17- Partnerships for the goals. We believe that now is the time for to engage in international goals and to realise the potential of a paradigm shift from urban liveability to urban lovability that leaves no one behind.