2.7 Beyond Megacities: Role of Mega Infrastructure in Hinterland Development

Coastal areas are globally under pressure during the last centuries. It often results in land use conflicts which are affected by the diverse composition of stakeholders and interest as well as lack of governance. Our study from Patimban Indonesia explores the influencing factors of large scale land transformation for seaport development resulting in land use conflicts and options for governance in the future. We realized interviews and standardized survey to investigate drivers of changes and landowners’ decision making processes to uncover different dimension of the relationship between land use changes between 2010 and 2018. Additionally, those GIS maps are utilized to identify the physical and spatial changes. We valuate that coastal land management in Northern of Subang shows poor performance of land governance, which undermines or hamper the efforts to create sustainable development, environment, and agriculture. One option for the future could be to enforce a stronger coherence between land use planning and land tenure towards an integrated land governance process. Additionally, it will be necessary to discuss and redefine the role of government in coastal land-use development at all levels, especially to raise the capacity of local government in land management.

Semarang-Surabaya corridor is the backbone for economic growth of Central Java and East Java. This corridor also plays a role in national economic growth. Semarang-Surabaya corridor development is expected to create positive externalities, such as creating spillovers in urban areas along the corridor. The spillovers in an urban area along the corridor happen in Jakarta-Cipularang corridor. Besides creating positive externalities, the development of Jakarta-Cipularang corridor as the backbone for economic growth of Jakarta-Bandung also create uncontrolled urban conurbation. Weak spatial control is the trigger for this phenomenon. Based on the phenomenon that occurs in Jakarta-Cipularang corridor, Semarang-Surabaya corridor development should pay attention not only in the infrastructure development plan but also in the spatial control strategy. This project applies the concept of economic corridor development, which produces outputs such as urban cluster plans along the corridor, anticipation strategies, infrastructure development programs, and spatial control along Semarang-Surabaya corridor

Since the industrial revolution of the 18th century, modern economic system gradually matured and rapidly expanded in the world scope, especially the state capital investment on the railway, drastically changed the urbanization mechanism and agglomeration pattern. At the end of the 19th century, due to the important strategic value of the Far East, Russia Tsarist raised state capital, to construct the Siberian Railway from Moscow to Vladivostok, rapidly promoted the modernization and urbanization of the Northeast China and Outer Amur Region, and formed the modern urban system along the Chinese Eastern Railway and Outer Amur Railway, where became the social development area in the Asian in the early 20th century, even in world scope, has important value and significance in the human society development history and urban development history. Based on this, the paper takes the construction of the Siberian Railway in the early 20th century as background, takes the rapid modernization and urbanization process in the Far East as the research object, using literature research methods and field investigation methods，studying the state capital raising, bank system setting, institution establishing, railway constructing, urban building, industry developing of the Russia in the Far East, exploring the organization form, implementation pattern of the state capital, and constructing the operation mechanism between the state capitalism and urbanization process, to provide theoretical reference for how to use state capital to promote regional urban agglomeration development.

Istanbul is a unique part of the world because of not only its history, but also its function as a bridge from the point of economic, social, cultural interrelations. There are many cities which are settled near a water source; however, Istanbul is the only city that is settled between two continents and two seas. All these features create some opportunities and threats for the city in terms of hinterland relations and the spatial structure. According to the projections, the population is going to be reached nearly 18 million people in the near future. On one hand, Istanbul is an avant garde city for Turkey and its region. Economic impact of Istanbul is very high; according to the Turkish Statistic Office, 43% of the total taxes are collected and 55% of economic activities are produced in İstanbul. Together with adjacent cities (Kocaeli and Tekirdağ) in the metropolitan region, this ratio reaches more than 50% of taxes an 65% of economic activities in Turkey. Additionally, more than 12 million tourists visit the city in 2018. On the other hand, not only the city of Istanbul and the rural towns within the boundaries of the city, but also other cities in Turkey and near countries such as Balkan and Middle East as well as Africans, which play an essential role supporting and providing resources of foods, labor, industrial activities, raw materials etc. to the city of İstanbul. As well as economic situation, social and cultural transition between the different groups makes the city unpredictable core of the region. Different ethnic/religious groups and immigrants live in the city together. Obviously, there is no border between these different groups in daily life. Beyond all that, Istanbul is a big exporter of the Turkish TV series to the neighbors of the country especially in the Middle East and the Balkans. This paper aims to find out the economic, social and cultural impact of globalization on the spatial structure and the hinterland relations of Istanbul while discussing the city’s contradictory positions as an edge of Europe and as a bridge between the East and the West. Within this scope, we will make a multiscale analysis considering inter-regional and inter-urban relations and their socio-spatial imprints within the boundaries of the city. Firstly, we will make a comparative analysis to understand the changing position of Istanbul in the world in the 21st century by using global and regional indexes. Secondly we will examine the change in the hinterland relations of the city by investigating the flows of people, goods, services and ideas between other regions / cities and the city of İstanbul in time. Thirdly, we will seek the spatial imprints of these flows and interactions within the city in terms of relocations and displacements. Our study is likely to show the growing importance of the city not only as a part of Europe but also as a node and bridge for the globalized world.